Education

UPSC IMPORTATNT TOPIC 2025 PROBABLITY

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1. Polity & Governance

Probable Topics:

  • Constitutional Amendments: 127th Amendment (OBC list restoration), Article 370 (post-2019 changes).
  • Judicial Reforms: Collegium vs. NJAC debate, recent SC judgments (e.g., same-sex marriage, electoral bonds).
  • New Laws: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (replacing IPC), Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
  • Election Commission: EVM credibility, electoral reforms, voter turnout debates.
  • Local Governance: Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment), Aspirational Districts Programme.

PYQ Example:
Q. Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha? (2023)


2. Economy

Probable Topics:

  • Union Budget 2024-25: Key allocations (health, education, infrastructure), fiscal deficit trends.
  • Inflation & Monetary Policy: RBI’s repo rate decisions, CPI vs. WPI divergence.
  • Schemes: PM Gati Shakti, PLI (Production-Linked Incentive), National Monetisation Pipeline.
  • Global Issues: Supply chain disruptions, India’s trade deals (e.g., with UK, EU), WTO reforms.
  • Agriculture: MSP debates, PM-KISAN, natural farming initiatives.

PYQ Example:
Q. What is the purpose of ‘Viability Gap Funding’ in infrastructure projects? (2023)


3. Environment & Ecology

Probable Topics:

  • Climate Initiatives: COP28 outcomes, National Green Hydrogen Mission, Net Zero targets.
  • Biodiversity: IUCN Red List updates (e.g., Great Indian Bustard), CAMPA Fund, Wildlife Protection Act amendments.
  • Pollution: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), E-Waste Management Rules, 2022.
  • Disasters: Glacial lake outbursts (GLOFs), NDMA guidelines on heatwaves.
  • New Terms: Carbon markets, blue economy, green credit programme.

PYQ Example:
Q. Consider the following statements about ‘Green Credit Programme’… (2023)


4. Geography

Probable Topics:

  • Physical Geography: Himalayan glaciers (melting trends), El Niño/La Niña impact on monsoons.
  • Human Geography: Urbanization (Smart Cities Mission), census data on migration.
  • Mapping: Indo-Pacific region, lithium reserves (J&K), critical mineral zones.
  • Disaster Management: NDMP (National Disaster Management Plan), Sendai Framework.

PYQ Example:
Q. Consider the following pairs: Region – Country (2023)


5. History & Culture

Probable Topics:

  • Ancient/Medieval: Keeladi excavations, Bhakti-Sufi traditions, Chola temple architecture.
  • Modern: Tribal revolts (Birsa Munda), Quit India Movement (1942), Gandhian economics.
  • Culture: UNESCO Intangible Heritage (Durga Puja, Garba), Kashi-Tamil Sangamam.
  • Art & Architecture: Hoysala temples (UNESCO), Harappan sites (Dholavira).

PYQ Example:
Q. Who among the following was associated with ‘Mitra Mela’? (2023)


6. Science & Technology

Probable Topics:

  • Space: ISRO’s Chandrayaan-4, Aditya-L1 findings, private space sector (IN-SPACe).
  • Health: CRISPR technology, mRNA vaccines, antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • Emerging Tech: AI regulation, quantum computing, 6G rollout.
  • Defence: Agni-V, INS Vikrant, DRDO innovations.

PYQ Example:
Q. What is ‘Bioprinting’? (2023)


7. International Relations

Probable Topics:

  • India’s Neighborhood: Sri Lanka crisis, Myanmar civil war, Nepal-China relations.
  • Global Groupings: G20 outcomes (2023), QUAD, BRICS expansion.
  • Strategic Issues: Indo-Pacific strategy, India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC).
  • Conflicts: Russia-Ukraine war, Israel-Hamas conflict, Red Sea security.

PYQ Example:
Q. Consider the following statements about ‘Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’… (2023)


8. Social Issues

Probable Topics:

  • Health: NFHS-6 data (malnutrition, anemia), Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY.
  • Education: NEP 2020 implementation, ASER report findings.
  • Demography: Aging population, demographic dividend challenges.
  • Vulnerable Groups: Transgender Rights Act, SC/ST welfare schemes.

PYQ Example:
Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of ‘Mission Indradhanush’? (2023)


9. Current Affairs (2024)

Key Themes to Track:

  • National: Lok Sabha elections (2024), CAA implementation, caste census debates.
  • Global: U.S. elections (2024), COP29 (Azerbaijan), G7 summit (Italy).
  • Awards: Nobel Prize 2024, Booker Prize, Ramon Magsaysay Award.
  • Sports: Paris Olympics 2024, Asian Games 2023 medalists.

Preparation Tips for 2025

  1. Focus on NCERTs: Class 6–12 for History, Geography, Polity basics.
  2. Current Affairs Compilation: Use monthly magazines (e.g., YojanaEPW) and newspapers (The HinduIndian Express).
  3. Answer Writing Practice: Integrate current examples in Mains answers (e.g., link “federalism” with recent Centre-state disputes).
  4. Mock Tests: Solve past 10 years’ UPSC Prelims papers and sectional quizzes.
  5. Ethics (GS-IV): Use case studies from recent events (e.g., AI ethics, corporate governance).

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